Brain damages in ketamine

Brain damages in ketamine addicts as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging.

Front Neuroanat. 2013 Jul 17;7:23. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00023. eCollection 2013.

 Twenty-one ketamine addicts were recruited and the results showed that the lesions in the brains of ketamine addicts were located in many regions which appeared 2–4 years after ketamine addiction.

https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B-TCR65efOxbYWlLSlpTSGhrckk/edit?usp=sharing


other ref.:
1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22178134
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5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23643674
6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23466691
7. Chronic ketamine exposure induces permanent impairment of brain functions in adolescent cynomolgus monkeys.Sun L, Li Q, Li Q, Zhang Y, Liu D, Jiang H, Pan F, Yew DT. Addict Biol. 2012 Nov 12. doi: 10.1111/adb.12004. [Epub ahead of print]
8. Chronic ketamine administration modulates midbrain dopamine system in mice. Tan S, Lam WP, Wai MS, Yu WH, Yew DT. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43947. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043947. Epub 2012 Aug 24.
9.AMPA receptor potentially participates in the mediation of the increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor following chronic ketamine use. Yang J, Zhou Z, Yang C. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012 Mar;220(1):243; author reply 245. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2538-3. Epub 2011 Oct 19.
10.Comparison of the effects of acute and chronic administration of ketamine on hippocampal oscillations: relevance for the NMDA receptor hypofunction model of schizophrenia.Kittelberger K, Hur EE, Sazegar S, Keshavan V, Kocsis B. Brain Struct Funct. 2012 Apr;217(2):395-409. doi: 10.1007/s00429-011-0351-8. Epub 2011 Oct 7.
11.Gene expression changes in GABA(A) receptors and cognition following chronicketamine administration in mice. Tan S, Rudd JA, Yew DT. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e21328. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021328. Epub 2011 Jun 21.
12. Chronic ketamine use increases serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Ricci V, Martinotti G, Gelfo F, Tonioni F, Caltagirone C, Bria P, Angelucci F.

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13.Frontal white matter abnormalities following chronic ketamine use: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Liao Y, Tang J, Ma M, Wu Z, Yang M, Wang X, Liu T, Chen X, Fletcher PC, Hao W. Brain. 2010 Jul;133(Pt 7):2115-22. doi: 10.1093/brain/awq131. Epub 2010 Jun 2.

14.Altered prefrontal dopaminergic function in chronic recreational ketamine users. Narendran R, Frankle WG, Keefe R, Gil R, Martinez D, Slifstein M, Kegeles LS, Talbot PS, Huang Y, Hwang DR, Khenissi L, Cooper TB, Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Dec;162(12):2352-9.

heroin dependence and dopaminerrgic gene

Multivariate analysis of dopaminergic gene variants as risk factors of heroin dependence.

PLoS One. 2013 Jun 28;8(6):e66592.

Analysis of Variations in the Glutamate Receptor, N-Methyl D-Aspartate 2A (GRIN2A) Gene Reveals Their Relative Importance as Genetic Susceptibility Factors for Heroin Addiction

PLoS One. 2013 Aug 5;8(8):e70817

These findings point to a role for GRIN2A polymorphisms in heroin addiction among the Han Chinese from Shaanxi province, and may be informative for future genetic or neurobiological studies on heroin addiction.

Allele frequency distribution of the GRIN2A(GT)n repeat in heroin addiction and controls

GRIN2A haplotype frequencies and the results of their associations with risk of heroin addiction.

methadone and buprrenorphine on dopamine receptors

Differential effects of methadone and buprenorphine on the response of D2/D3 dopamine receptors in adolescent mice.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

Available online 9 August 2013, In Press 

  Methadone exposure disturbs the D2-like receptor's response, indicating a potential risk in administering methadone to adolescents. Buprenorphine appears to have a significantly lower effect on the behavioral sensitivity of D2/D3 dopamine receptors in adolescents.

social network for heroin

Trials. 2013 Aug 19;14(1):264. [Epub ahead of print]

Pilot study of a social network intervention for heroin users in opiate substitution treatment: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

美國Scripps研究所研發出預防海洛因成癮復發的動態疫苗

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 May 6. [Epub ahead of print]

Dynamic vaccine blocks relapse to compulsive intake of heroin.

Schlosburg JE, Vendruscolo LF, Bremer PT, Lockner JW, Wade CL, Nunes AA, Stowe GN, Edwards S, Janda KD, Koob GF.

Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders and Departments of Chemistry, Immunology, and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.

Abstract

Heroin addiction, a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by excessive drug taking and seeking, requires constant psychotherapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic interventions to minimize the potential for further abuse. Vaccine strategies against many drugs of abuse are being developed that generate antibodies that bind drug in the bloodstream, preventing entry into the brain and nullifying psychoactivity. However, this strategy is complicated by heroin's rapid metabolism to 6-acetylmorphine and morphine. We recently developed a "dynamic" vaccine that creates antibodies against heroin and its psychoactive metabolites by presenting multihaptenic structures to the immune system that match heroin's metabolism. The current study presents evidence of effective and continuous sequestration of brain-permeable constituents of heroin in the bloodstream following vaccination. The result is efficient blockade of heroin activity in treated rats, preventing various features of drugs of abuse: heroin reward, drug-induced reinstatement of drug seeking, and reescalation of compulsive heroin self-administration following abstinence in dependent rats. The dynamic vaccine shows the capability to significantly devalue the reinforcing and motivating properties of heroin, even in subjects with a history of dependence. In addition, targeting a less brain-permeable downstream metabolite, morphine, is insufficient to prevent heroin-induced activity in these models, suggesting that heroin and 6-acetylmorphine are critical players in heroin's psychoactivity. Because the heroin vaccine does not target opioid receptors or common opioid pharmacotherapeutics, it can be used in conjunction with available treatment options. Thus, our vaccine represents a promising adjunct therapy for heroin addiction, providing continuous heroin antagonism, requiring minimal medical monitoring and patient compliance.

KEYWORDS:

antinociception, immunotherapy, progressive ratio

OPRM1 and COMT and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

Association of OPRM1 and COMT Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms With Hospital Length of Stay and Treatment of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

JAMA. 2013;309(17):1821-1827. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.3411.

Among infants with NAS, variants in the OPRM1 andCOMT genes were associated with a shorter length of hospital stay and less need for treatment. These preliminary findings may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying NAS.