Brain damages in ketamine

Brain damages in ketamine addicts as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging.

Front Neuroanat. 2013 Jul 17;7:23. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00023. eCollection 2013.

 Twenty-one ketamine addicts were recruited and the results showed that the lesions in the brains of ketamine addicts were located in many regions which appeared 2–4 years after ketamine addiction.

https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B-TCR65efOxbYWlLSlpTSGhrckk/edit?usp=sharing


other ref.:
1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22178134
2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21035788
3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929545
4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23776445
5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23643674
6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23466691
7. Chronic ketamine exposure induces permanent impairment of brain functions in adolescent cynomolgus monkeys.Sun L, Li Q, Li Q, Zhang Y, Liu D, Jiang H, Pan F, Yew DT. Addict Biol. 2012 Nov 12. doi: 10.1111/adb.12004. [Epub ahead of print]
8. Chronic ketamine administration modulates midbrain dopamine system in mice. Tan S, Lam WP, Wai MS, Yu WH, Yew DT. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43947. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043947. Epub 2012 Aug 24.
9.AMPA receptor potentially participates in the mediation of the increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor following chronic ketamine use. Yang J, Zhou Z, Yang C. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012 Mar;220(1):243; author reply 245. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2538-3. Epub 2011 Oct 19.
10.Comparison of the effects of acute and chronic administration of ketamine on hippocampal oscillations: relevance for the NMDA receptor hypofunction model of schizophrenia.Kittelberger K, Hur EE, Sazegar S, Keshavan V, Kocsis B. Brain Struct Funct. 2012 Apr;217(2):395-409. doi: 10.1007/s00429-011-0351-8. Epub 2011 Oct 7.
11.Gene expression changes in GABA(A) receptors and cognition following chronicketamine administration in mice. Tan S, Rudd JA, Yew DT. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e21328. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021328. Epub 2011 Jun 21.
12. Chronic ketamine use increases serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Ricci V, Martinotti G, Gelfo F, Tonioni F, Caltagirone C, Bria P, Angelucci F.

Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011 May;215(1):143-8. doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-2121-3. Epub 2010 Dec 14.

13.Frontal white matter abnormalities following chronic ketamine use: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Liao Y, Tang J, Ma M, Wu Z, Yang M, Wang X, Liu T, Chen X, Fletcher PC, Hao W. Brain. 2010 Jul;133(Pt 7):2115-22. doi: 10.1093/brain/awq131. Epub 2010 Jun 2.

14.Altered prefrontal dopaminergic function in chronic recreational ketamine users. Narendran R, Frankle WG, Keefe R, Gil R, Martinez D, Slifstein M, Kegeles LS, Talbot PS, Huang Y, Hwang DR, Khenissi L, Cooper TB, Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Dec;162(12):2352-9.

heroin dependence and dopaminerrgic gene

Multivariate analysis of dopaminergic gene variants as risk factors of heroin dependence.

PLoS One. 2013 Jun 28;8(6):e66592.

Analysis of Variations in the Glutamate Receptor, N-Methyl D-Aspartate 2A (GRIN2A) Gene Reveals Their Relative Importance as Genetic Susceptibility Factors for Heroin Addiction

PLoS One. 2013 Aug 5;8(8):e70817

These findings point to a role for GRIN2A polymorphisms in heroin addiction among the Han Chinese from Shaanxi province, and may be informative for future genetic or neurobiological studies on heroin addiction.

Allele frequency distribution of the GRIN2A(GT)n repeat in heroin addiction and controls

GRIN2A haplotype frequencies and the results of their associations with risk of heroin addiction.

methadone and buprrenorphine on dopamine receptors

Differential effects of methadone and buprenorphine on the response of D2/D3 dopamine receptors in adolescent mice.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

Available online 9 August 2013, In Press 

  Methadone exposure disturbs the D2-like receptor's response, indicating a potential risk in administering methadone to adolescents. Buprenorphine appears to have a significantly lower effect on the behavioral sensitivity of D2/D3 dopamine receptors in adolescents.

social network for heroin

Trials. 2013 Aug 19;14(1):264. [Epub ahead of print]

Pilot study of a social network intervention for heroin users in opiate substitution treatment: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.